Unlike a large majority of nearby towns and cities, Springfield has no cameras in its police lockup.
When Springfield Police Det. Gregg Bigda threatened to kill a teenage suspect during an off-books interrogation in a Palmer police lockup, the evidence of misconduct was clear - captured in full color video and clear audio from a security camera perched in an upper corner of the white-walled holding cell.
And when Agawam Mayor Richard Cohen decided to fire three police officers for using excessive force against a prisoner, he could rely on video evidence as well, showing the prisoner fighting with police before one officer shoves him head-first into a cell wall.
But when Jerry Bradley died of an aneurysm in a Springfield police headquarters cell in 2015 - a case which led to 30-day suspensions for two officers - internal investigators had to parse conflicting testimony from neighboring prisoners and police officers on duty that night.
That is because, unlike a large majority of nearby towns and cities, Springfield has no cameras in its police lockup. City officials say the lack of cameras is due to budget limitations, but that explanation does not satisfy City Councilor Justin Hurst, a frequent critic of police misconduct in Springfield.
'It seems to me like any police department of this size and this magnitude ought to have cameras in their cells, and budgetary issues and concerns should not impede that," Hurst said in an interview. "I think people are frustrated with just a simple no, considering everything that's happening around us."
In an email, Springfield Police Commissioner John Barbieri wrote that he is not opposed to cameras but still had concerns over prisoner privacy, cost, and possibly duplicating work given potential upgrades or replacement of the police station.
"I have concerns regarding privacy and potentially prohibitive costs of installing them into our current cells," Barbieri wrote. "Installation of cameras into prisoner cells is a recent trend in our area and I am concerned regarding prisoner privacy, as prisoners utilize the bathrooms in their cells."
Hurst and eight other city councilors sent a letter Friday to Barbieri and Springfield Mayor Domenic Sarno asking for the city to inform the council about the potential cost of cameras, citing the Bradley, Bigda and Agawam cases as arguments for their importance.
"We utilize the existence of cameras in various places around our city and use the video evidence to make cases, yet we do not have them in our own holding cells. We are asking for this to change," the letter said. "As demonstrated in various examples throughout the country as well as here locally, video evidence is an essential and effective tool in defending innocent officers; and consequently, saving taxpayer dollars from frivolous lawsuits or demands. Conversely, video footage can also support claims from the public who are treated improperly or even criminally."
The letter came two months after Hurst issued a press release calling for Springfield Police to install cameras in their holding cells, after The Republican published the footage of Bigda interrogating two teen boys accused of stealing an unmarked police car in February 2016.
Hurst expressed concern that Bigda's behavior could be part of a pattern of misconduct that escaped notice due to Springfield's lack of cell cameras in police headquarters. In response, Barbieri told The Republican that both privacy and cost made cameras impractical.
On Friday, Barbieri offered more details to MassLive. The station was built in the 1960s with a metal and concrete cell area and is not designed to support the wiring of cameras, Barbieri wrote in an email, adding that research suggests installation could cost $100,000.
The department is now seeking a precise estimate of the cost following the city councilors' request, Barbieri wrote.
Barbieri also expressed concern that an upgrade could prove to be wasted work if the station is upgraded or replaced, and if discussions with the Sheriff's department for a regional lockup facility come to fruition, reducing the need for holding prisoners in SPD headquarters.
"The police department is currently working with the Finance Department in regards to upgrades of the current building versus seeking state/federal aid for new construction. The building desperately needs modernization or replacement," Barbieri wrote. "The cells are an example, about half of our male cells are inoperative and are not repairable due to replacement parts not being available. Installation of new equipment into and area requiring rehab or replacement could result in having to do the work twice."
Sarno said in a statement that he has referred the letter to Barbieri, City Councilor Ed Pikula and chief financial officer TJ Plante for review and evaluation of possible options.
Hurst said he had not spoken with Barbieri or Sarno about the issue since November, and was hoping to spur action and prompt a cost analysis of installing cameras with his new letter.
Springfield's lack of cell cameras is not unusual, criminal justice experts told MassLive. But it appears to be uncommon in the Pioneer Valley and Western Massachusetts.
MassLive reached out to 13 local police departments to ask whether they have cameras in their holding cells. Of the 12 that responded, only two joined Springfield in not having cameras - West Springfield, which has video surveillance of detention area hallways but not inside cells, and Chicopee. Not all departments keep their recordings; Holyoke monitors cells through CCTV but does not record.
"We've never had them in the cells. Our officers go back every 15 minutes and check when prisoners are here," Chicopee Ofc. Michael Wilk said. "It's difficult to put a camera directly in a cell because there is privacy."
That concern for privacy - echoed in Barbieri's response to Hurst, and in Pikula's response to MassLive's questions about the lack of cameras in Jerry Bradley's cell - has not prevented other departments from installing cameras.
In the videos of alleged misconduct in Palmer and Agawam, cameras have a clear view of the prisoner's personal area, including latrines. Explicit footage was edited out of the Agawam video's publicly release last week.
And Springfield is the only city of over 100,000 people in Massachusetts without any police station holding cell cameras, according to statements from the Boston, Worcester, Cambridge and Lowell police departments.
In Worcester's case, city officials decided to expand their use of cell cameras after officer Michael Motyka was arrested for allegedly assaulting a prisoner in his cell. Currently, all individual cells reserved for people deemed mentally unstable or a threat to harm themselves of police have cameras, with other cells expected to be equipped soon.
Brian Rizzo, an associate professor of criminal justice at Westfield State University told MassLive that there are ways of securing prisoner safety without having cameras in cells, like having officers do regular rounds of the cell area to assess prisoner well-being.
Video shows incident that led to firing of Agawam police officers
But he added that, unlike in the Bigda case, officers should never conduct interrogations in holding cells, but rather in recorded interrogation rooms. And the decision on whether to install cameras should be based on ensuring accountability and safety, he wrote in an email.
"Commissioner Barbieri cites cost and privacy concerns," Rizzo wrote. "Neither is a good reason not to have them."
And ACLU of Massachusetts staff attorney Carl Williams said that when he practiced as a defense attorney, it was common for holding cells to lack cameras.
But with modern data storage technology police departments no longer have to rely on unwieldy VHS archives to store footage, he said, arguing that cameras can protect both prisoners and officers falsely accused of misconduct.
"It seems like it would be a no-brainer to do those things," Williams said. "It seems like it would be better for people to have that kind of protection for people on both side of the badge."
The letter was signed by Hurst, City Council President Orlando Ramos, and City Councilors Michael Fenton, Adam Gomez, Melvin Edwards, E. Henry Twiggs, Marcus Williams, Timothy Allen and Bud Williams.